Posting #53:- "The 'Speedup' of the Universe's Expansion at Extreme Distances"
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"Great spirits have always encountered violent oppositions from
mediocre minds." - A. Einstein
Cosmologists seem to be concerned about the fact that, at extreme distances, the observable universe is expanding at a greater rate than the nearer portions of the universe. The current explanation seems to be that, at extreme distances, a repulsive "gravitational" force acts. In a previous postings the writer assumed that the apparent speedup of the expansion rate at extreme distances occurred because those distances represented observations of an early period of time in the formation of the universe when the velocity of light was greater in absolute terms, causing the absolute velocity of expansion to be higher. Needless to say, the writer was not completely happy with that explanation.
The real cause of the expansion anomaly follows from the effects described by the CORRECTED version of General Relativity. (General Relativity, as currently accepted, is based upon a sophomoric mathematical error. Dr. Einstein attempted to develop a tensor solution using the Principle of Equivalence based upon the following equation:
(dx)^2 + (dy)^2 + (dz)^2 - (Kt*C*dT)^2 = (ds)^2
As any student of integral calculus will recognized, to be mathematically rigorous the equation used should be:
(Ks*dx)^2 + (Ks*dy)^2 + (Ks*dz)^2 - (Kt*C*dT)^2 = (ds)^2
While it may not be obvious, the first equation does not eliminate the presence of Ks, it makes the a priori assertion (without supportive evidence) that, while Ks is there, its value is unity. The second equation allows Ks to have any value between +/- infinity, including unity. (Using the same coefficient for each spatial term insures that the result will always lead to a spatially isotropic solution.)
As a result of the above lack of rigor, Dr. Einstein was tried unsuccessfully for 18 months to solve the mathematics of General Relativity. Instead of fixing his error, he finally resorted to the fakery of "Curved Space" to provide the extra degree of freedom mature requires instead of providing that freedom by allowing Ks to be other than unity. The excuse given was "why shouldn't we consider space to be curved, no one can prove it isn't". (Some scientists!) The table below provides all that is needed to deal with both the relativistic effects of velocity and of gravity:
Parallel General Revised General
Quantity Velocity Relativity Relativity
Force (F) 1 1 1
Length (L) 1/Bv 1 1/Bg
Time (T) Bv Bg Bg
Space (S) 1 Bg 1
Where Bv is the Lorentz Transformation, (1-V^2/C^2)^0.5, and Bg is the gravitational equivalent, (1-$). ($ represents the gravitational potential between an upper and lower elevation.) Unlike the situation with velocity, the gravitational field DOES have an absolute reference frame. That reference frame exists at an infinite distance from the central mass.
It will be noted that under General Relativity the transformation for length is unity and an extra transformation is required to account for the alleged curvature of space. Under the revised version of General Relativity, a length transformation analogous to that of Special Relativity is found to exist, the Principle of Equivalence now WORKS, and space is seen to be FLAT! The fakery of "curved space" is not required to make the mathematics work!
When one tests the conclusions of General Relativity against the conclusions of the Revised General Relativity one finds that the difference in their conclusions is only observable at distances closer than 100 times the horizon radius of the source of the gravitational field. In other words, the observations made which allegedly verified General Relativity in 1920 would have to be made in proximity to a neutron star. Short of having access to Star Trek's Warp Drive, a direct observational distinction between the two conclusions is not feasible.
Contrary to popular belief, the velocity of light DOES change as one changes reference frames. This change is hidden from LOCAL observation because matter uses the LOCAL velocity of light to control the size of its units of measurement. Their LOCALLY observed, but not necessarily their EXTERNALLY observed values remains unchanged. (For example, the locally observed velocity of light is the same in all reference frames. In order for this to be true, the velocity of light must change in ABSOLUTE terms between reference frames in proportion to (1-V^2/C^2) since velocity is length divided by time.
The change in the absolute size of the units of measurement for length and time required by the relativity concepts requires a corresponding change in other units of measurement for the Principle of Relativity to be valid. The relativistic transformations for many physical parameters are provided in Table 8.13.1 of http://einsteinhoax.com/hoax.htm. If one examines the implications of this table it becomes apparent that at a lower elevation the permeability of space is lower. In other words, the proximity of energy, as represented by a central gravitational mass, reduces the permeability of space! In turn, the ABSOLUTE velocity of light in the gravitational field is reduced. The reduction in the ABSOLUTE velocity of light requires the parameters of matter to change. Part of this change is a reduction of the ABSOLUTE energy represented by matter. Since energy is a conserved quantity, in moving to a lower elevation, matter must divest itself of the excess energy. That divested energy appears as the energy of fall (the force of gravity times the change in elevation). If one is foolish enough to reject the idea of the Aether, then the Newtonian requirement that all forces appear in equal and opposite force components, one must accept that the mainstream view that Newtonian reaction force for both gravity and acceleration are "fictitious". If one accepts the concept of the Aether, the force of gravity exists as a downward "push" acting against the Aether!
There is another effect which occurs and, in conjunction with the gravitational mass of photons, which must exist if the Law of Conservation of energy is to be valid, the so-called "dark energy" and the apparent speedup of cosmological expansion at extreme distances is easily explained. The mass of a central gravitational object, in terms of the units of measurement existing at a distance from that object mass, is less than that represented by the matter content of the central mass. When applied to cosmology the effect would appear as a speedup of cosmological expansion as if there was a reverse gravitational force working. The same conclusion apples to observations of galaxies, hence the concept of "dark matter".
The source material for this posting may be found in http://einsteinhoax.com/hoax.htm (1997); http://einsteinhoax.com/gravity.htm (1987); and http://einsteinhoax.com/relcor.htm (1997). EVERYTHING WHICH WE ACCEPT AS TRUE MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH EVERYTHING ELSE WE HAVE ACCEPTED AS TRUE, IT MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH ALL OBSERVATIONS, AND IT MUST BE MATHEMATICALLY VIABLE. PRESENT TEACHINGS DO NOT ALWAYS MEET THIS REQUIREMENT. THE WORLD IS ENTITLED TO A HIGHER STANDARD OF WORKMANSHIP FROM THOSE IT HAS GRANTED WORLD CLASS STATUS.
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